INTRODUCTION:

Medicinal herbs have been utilized in healthcare for centuries. It has been a crucial factor in the evolution of human culture¹. This study focuses on the different pharmacological effects of the plant Albizia odoratissima, which is part of the Fabaceae family. Plants produce a variety of chemical compounds for biological functions, including defense against microorganisms and effects on different systems such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions. Albizia odoratissima commonly known as Black Siris, is a large evergreen tree belonging to the Fabaceae family. The study concentrates on the antispasmodic activity of the plant's stem bark^2-3.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Plant material:

The entire plant of Albizia odoratissima was gathered from the vicinity of Khargapur, in the Paschim Medinipur district of West Bengal. The plant was verified and authenticated by the scientist in charge at the Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, located in Howrah, West Bengal.

Preparation of Plant Extract:

The bark of Albizia odoratissima was collected, shade-dried, and dusted using a grinder machine. A total of 40 grams of the dust material of the plant was diluted in 300 ml of methanol and kept it to macerate for three days. After this period, the solution was filtered, and the filtrate was stored in a glass bottle. The solvent was then evaporated from the extract using simple distillation. The dried extract was kept in sealed containers for future use⁴.

Evaluation of in-vitro Anti-Spasmodic Activity:

The intestine of the fresh chicken was get from a slaughterhouse and transported in Tyrode solution. The abdominal membrane was carefully detached, and a 2 cm section was placed in a 20ml tissue organ bath, and kept at 37°C. The tissue was kept to equilibrate for 30 minutes, with the bathing solution being replaced every 10minutes. A contact time of 60 seconds and a baseline period of 30 seconds were used for accurate recording. Initially, a DRC for acetylcholine was measured on a kymograph paper. Next, the CRC for acetylcholine (100 μg/ml) were generated with and without the presence of both aqueous and methanolic extracts of Albizia odoratissima (100μg/ml), by using Sherrington’s Rotating Drum. The similar technique was followed to obtain the CRC for acetylcholine in the presence of atropine sulfate as a standard drug. The % inhibition for both the plant extract and the standard drug was determined, and graphs were constructed with the log dose plotted against the height of the response curve.^5-7.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

In this latest study the methanolic extract from the bark of Albizia odoratissima demonstrated antispasmodic effects in chicken ileum during in vitro experiments. Acetylcholine and atropine were used as standard drugs for comparison, and a dose-response curve was created using a kymograph. Acetylcholine exerts its effects by binding to cholinergic receptors, both muscarinic and nicotinic⁸. The contractions in the longitudinal smooth muscle of the ileum are mediated by muscarinic receptor like M₂ & M₃, as studied in living organisms. The activity of acetylcholine on chicken ileum showed that antispasmodic activity (response) increased with higher doses. Atropine sulphate is classified as an parasympatholytic or parasympathetic antagonist. It is also referred to as an muscarinic antagonist because it blocks the muscarinic receptor in the ileum, leading to increased contractions. Both acetylcholine and atropine in the chicken ileum exhibited an increase in spasmodic activity as the doses increased.

Fig 1: Dose-response curve of Ach

Table no 1: Observation of dose response of std. drug of Ach

Dose (ml)	Response (Cm)
0.1	1.4
0.2	1.8
0.4	2.2
0.8	2.4
1.6	2.7
3.2	3.0
6.4	3.7

Fig 2: Dose-response curve of Ach + Atropine

Table no 2: Observation of dose-response std. drug of Ach + Atropine

Dose (ml)	Response (Cm)
0.1+0.1	0.1
0.2+0.2	0
0.4+0.4	0
0.8+0.8	0
1.6+1.6	0
3.2+3.2	0
6.4+6.4	0

Fig. No. 3 Response curve of Ach + Methanolic Extract

Table no 3: Observation of dose-response of Ach+Methanolic extract

Dose (ml)	Response (Cm)
0.1+0.1	0.4
0.2+0.2	0.6
0.4+0.4	0.7
0.8+0.8	0.8
1.6+1.6	1.0
3.2+3.2	1.2
6.4+6.4	1.3

Graph 1: A comparative dose response relationship of Ach, ACh & Atropine, Methanolic extract & on chicken ileum

CONCLUSION:

The methanolic extract from the bark of Albizia odoratissima was collected, dried, and subjected to extraction using the maceration technique. Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, anthraquinone glycosides, saponins, tannins, phenols, and terpenoids in the dried methanolic extract. The results from this study align well with existing research on flavonoids in Albizia odoratissima. The effects of acetylcholine and atropine on chicken ileum yielded significant results⁹. The methanolic extract of the bark of Albizia odoratissima demonstrated significant antispasmodic activity in chicken ileum, particularly when compared to the standard drug at various doses (0.1 ml to 6.4 ml)¹⁰. The dose-response curve indicated the maximum antispasmodic activity. The dose-response curve indicated the maximum antispasmodic activity.

REFERENCES:

1. Aleem, Ambreen, and Khalid Hussain Janbaz. Dual mechanisms of anti-muscarinic and Ca++ antagonistic activities to validate the folkloric uses of Cyperus niveus Retz. as antispasmodic and antidiarrheal. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2018; 213: 138-148.

2. Khan, Najam A., Chitra Tomar, Alankar Shrivastav, Aftab Ahmad, and Arun Kumar Mishra. Evaluation of Ficus retusa L. Leaves with Special Reference to Antidiarrheal and Anti-spasmodic Activity. Current drug Discovery Technologies. 2021; 18(1): 120-126.

3. Rehman, Najeeb‐Ur, Malik Hassan Mehmood, Khalid M. Alkharfy, and Anwarul‐Hassan Gilani. Studies on antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activities of Lepidium sativum crude extract in rats. Phytotherapy Research. 2012; 26(1): 136-141.

4. Aoki, Kazuko, Alma Rosa Cortés, Maria del Carmen Ramirez, Martín Gómez-Hernández, and Francisco J. López-Muñoz. Pharmacological study of antispasmodic activity of Mirabilis jalapa Linn flowers. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2008; 116(1): 96-101.

5. Assis, Isabela Bacelar, Eliana Maria Mauricio da Rocha, Daniel Silqueira Martins Guimarães, Glaécia Aparecida do Nascimento Pereira, Fabiana Paula Pereira, Jaqueline Maria Siqueira Ferreira, and Emiliano O. Barreto. Evaluation of biological activity, toxicity, and phytochemical content of Bowdichia virgilioides (Fabaceae) aqueous extract. Pharmacognosy Magazine. 2018; 14(57s).

6. Ghauri, Aymen Owais, Saeed Ahmad, Tayyeba Rehman, Waheed Mumtaz Abbasi, Muhammad Bilal, and Adeel Arshad. Screening of biological activities of some Leguminosae (Fabaceae) family plants. RADS Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2018; 6(2): 132-137.

7. Isolated Souza, Jasmine Shalet D., M. P. Aswathi Nambiar, T. M. Fathima, M. M. Nabeesa Shahla, Zainabath Wafa, and Abdul Basith. Evaluation of anti-spasmodic effect of Mangifera indica stem bark using chicken ileum. 2022.

8. Menpara, Disha, and Sumitra Chanda. Phytochemical and pharmacognostic evaluation of leaves of Pongamia pinnata L. (Fabaceae). Pharma. Comm. 2014; 4(2): 3-7.

9. Sadraei, H., M. Ghanadian, G. Asghari, and E. Madadi. Antispasmodic activity of isovanillin and isoacetovanillon in comparison with Pycnocycla spinosa Decne. exBoiss extract on rat ileum. Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2014; 9(3): 187-192.

10. Pharm AC, Pharm HH, Asna KA, Irshad M, Raihana P, Priyanka P. Evaluation of in vitro anti spasmodic effect of Michelia champaca stem bark.

Received on 23.11.2024 Revised on 11.02.2025

Accepted on 12.04.2025 Published on 14.05.2025

Available online from May 16, 2025

Res.J. Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics.2025;17(2):153-155.

DOI: 10.52711/2321-5836.2025.00025

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Creative Commons License.